Groundwater Levels in the Western Ghats (2024)

The Western Ghats, a UNESCO World Heritage site, is crucial for India’s ecology and hydrology. This mountain range extends along the western coast of India and significantly influences the groundwater levels in the region. Below is an overview of groundwater levels and related issues in the Western Ghats, particularly focusing on Kerala, Karnataka, Goa, Maharashtra, and Tamil Nadu.

Key Findings

1. Groundwater Quality and Composition

• Studies indicate that groundwater in the Western Ghats varies widely in quality, ranging from soft to extremely hard water with varying levels of acidity and alkalinity. High concentrations of manganese (Mn) and iron (Fe) have been noted, particularly in Kerala.
• Approximately 7% of groundwater samples in the southeast part of Kerala were found unfit for drinking due to contamination from iron and manganese.

1. Hydrogeological Conditions

• The groundwater dynamics are influenced by several factors including geology, climate, and land use practices. The region experiences high rainfall (average annual rainfall of 3060 mm) primarily during the monsoon seasons.
• The steep topography contributes to rapid drainage and recharge but also leads to challenges in maintaining groundwater levels due to runoff.

1. Groundwater Extraction and Recharge

• Groundwater extraction rates are significant due to agricultural demands. In Kerala, despite high rainfall, over-extraction for irrigation has led to localized depletion issues.
• The Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) monitors groundwater levels throughout the country, including the Western Ghats, indicating that certain areas are facing critical conditions due to high extraction rates.

1. Regional Variations

• Kerala: Groundwater levels are generally favorable due to heavy rainfall; however, quality issues persist with contamination affecting drinkability.
• Karnataka: Similar patterns of extraction are observed with some districts experiencing depletion despite good recharge potential from monsoons.
• Goa: The state faces challenges with groundwater quality as well, with rising concerns over salinity intrusion in coastal areas.
• Maharashtra: Parts of Maharashtra also report declining groundwater levels due to agricultural practices and urbanization.
• Tamil Nadu: Groundwater levels vary significantly; some areas show good recharge while others face depletion.

Groundwater Level Monitoring

The CGWB conducts regular monitoring of groundwater levels across various states in India, including those in the Western Ghats. The data collected helps assess the depth to water level and recharge conditions:

• Groundwater levels are measured in terms of depth below ground level (mbgl), with significant variations across different regions.
• The monitoring network includes approximately 25,000 observation wells across India, providing critical data for assessing groundwater conditions.

Conclusion

The Western Ghats play a vital role in sustaining groundwater resources for millions of people. While the region benefits from high rainfall and potential for recharge, challenges such as water quality issues and over-extraction for agriculture must be addressed through sustainable management practices. Continuous monitoring and community engagement will be essential for preserving these vital water resources in 2024 and beyond.

Citations:
[1] https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/turning-the-tables-citys-groundwater-level-up-by-3-5m-touches-six-year-high/articleshow/113525880.cms
[2] https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-67988-6
[3] https://cgwb.gov.in/en/ground-water-level-monitoring
[4] https://wotr.org/2023/03/29/groundwater-resources-in-india/
[5] https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-38567-x
[6] https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/groundwater-level-punjab-wells-register-dip-9501789/
[7] https://wotr.org/2016/05/16/natural-springs-in-the-western-ghats-a-vital-natural-resource-but-completely-neglected/
[8] https://sandrp.in/2016/07/27/many-colors-of-groundwater-in-a-tiny-western-ghats-village/